LoP #2 lol

Levels of processing theory part2 lolol. Aka desperate effort for last min revision before the exam later =3

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Psy:

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Ch3: Learning

- Classical conditioning
→ Initially: Unconditioned stimulus (Kanda) will elicit a unconditioned response (*w*) naturally
→ During acquisition: Unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimuli (lotus)
→ Hence eventually: Conditioned stimulus (lotus) on its own will elicit the conditioned response (*w*)
→ But if after a while, keep showing conditioned stimulus on its own (lotus alone), there will be extinction of conditioned response (*w* lesser on seeing lotus on its own, after long time of no mention in manga)
→ If after a rest period, there would be spontaneous recovery (after hiatus, suddenly lotus = *w* again)
→ If still no pairing with original unconditioned stimuli (Kanda) there will be re-extinction again
→ Stimulus generalization – comes to pair related neutral stimuli with the unconditioned stimuli (any kind of pink blossom also remind ppl of kanda lol)
→ Stimulus discrimination – learning to differentiate between the different sorts of neutral stimulus (pink rose X)

- Operant conditioning
→ Where behavior is affected by the consequences (reward/punishment)
→ Premack Principle – promising yourself something pleasant as a motivation to do something unpleasant (ok I shall finish this topic today, then go watch anime later 8D)
→ Reinforcement contingencies (r/s between a response & the following change in stimulation)
→ Reinforcement – to increase response; punishment – to decrease response
→ Punishment
 Why may not work:
• When no immediate presence of threat (chibi Kanda not threatening, cannot stop Allen from poking fun at him)
• When lure of reward more then expected punishment (fun of seeing the amusing faces Kanda pull when angry is more than the expected punishment to Lavi)
• When it triggers escape/aggression (lol in the drama cd, when Kanda tell Allen not to command him to do the eggs, Allen go RAWR)
• When leads to learned helplessness (when Kanda glare at Miranda, she fails to learn new constructive behavior)
• Often administered unequally (alot to Allen, none at all to Lenalee)

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Ch4: Memory

- On transferring memory from short term (STM) to long term memory (LTM) – methods
→ Chunking – linking related concepts tgt for easy retrieval (kanda, lotus, mugen, tattoo, alma)
→ Maintenance rehearsal – keep repeating to remember (kandakandakandakandakandakanda)
→ Elaborative rehearsal – link back to stored knowledge (lol what I’m doing now to my psy stuff =X!) (related to levels-of-processing theory, web of interconnected associations= result in faster consolidation of memory to LTM)

- Consolidation of memory is related to emotions
→ Higher intensity of emotion, more vivid
→ If it’s a positive memory, the scope will be increased (Soba! Can rmb everything around)
→ If it’s a negative memory, the scope will be narrowed (Alma D: only can rmb the details of his face, everything else blank out)

- Structure of STM
→ Central executive (Kanda)
→ Phonological loop (“Yuu!”)
→ Sketchpad (*insert any Kanda pic here*)

- Structure of LTM
→ Procedural (how) (how to wield mugen)
→ Declarative (what) – semantic/episodic

- Retrieval cues
→ Successful retrieval depends on type of memory (good – animethingums/bad – schoolthingums) and on web of associations
→ Implicit/explicit
→ Encoding Specificity Principle – if retrieval cues similar to cues present when memory is stored, will increase connections to web of associations, then increase retrieval (when studying for exams, must drink ocha. Then during exam drink ocha = rmb easier :X)
→ Mood-congruent memory – remember something easier when mood is similar to the mood when you remember it (when emo will more easily think of ch188)
→ Prospective memory – remember to do something at a later date (to remember to camp outside kino for vol19! =x)

- Why will forget
→ Transience (Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve)
 due to interference: proactive (old disrupt learning of new memory – existing anime knowledge disrupt learning of new school stuff)/retroactive (new push out old – new anime knowledge push out older anime stuff)
→ Absentmindness – attention goes elsewhere (when studying, gaze goes to Kanda poster above: *w*)
→ Blocking (ToT, stress, age, drug-effects)
→ Misattribution – wrong retrieval: during exam recall Kanda stuff instead of exam stuff (CHOY) – due to reconstructive nature of LTM
→ Suggestibility – suggestion change memory
→ Bias – expectancy/self-consistency
→ Persistence – cannot forget (ch188 T_______T)

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Ch6: Developmental

- Kohlberg’s Stages of moral development
→ Preconventional
1) Egocentric – akuma
2) Reciprocity – noah
→ Conventional
3) Social acceptance – Lenalee
4) Follow rules/duty – Kanda
→ Postconventional/principled morality
5) For society’s welfare – Komui
6) Own ethical principles – Allen

- Parenting styles:
1) Authoritative – Allen
 Warm, attentive, sensitive to needs
 Reasonable demands, explains
 Allows some decision-making, listens to child’s POV
2) Authoritarian – Rouvelier
 Cold, rejecting, degrading to child
 Demanding, harsh, relies on punishment
 Makes decision for child
3) Permissive – Lenalee
 Is warm but may spoil the child
 Few demands, often out of misplaced concern for child’s self-esteem
 Permits child to make decisions before is ready
4) Uninvolved – Kanda
 Emotionally-detached, withdrawn, inattentive
 Few demands, often lacking in interest/expectations for child
 Indifferent to child’s decisions and POV

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Ch7: Sensation & perception

- Weber’s Law = size of JND is proportional to intensity of stimulus = if the stimuli is alot, will need to have a big change before the difference is noticeable (if theres alot of akumas, will need kill alot before the difference is noticeable)

- Sensory adaption = if after some time there is no change in stimuli, the body will no longer take notice of it (after some time, Kanda starts getting used to and ignoring all the lotuses around)

- Modern signal detection theory (on what factors affect the detection of stimuli)
→ Stimulus characteristics (Allen vs Lenalee calling: one to ignore and one to notice)
→ Background stimulation (presence of soba?)
→ Detector status (degree of pissed-of-ness)

- Visual – colours
→ Trichromatic Theory (the idea that akumas are sensed by 3 types of exorcists: 1st, 2nd, 3rd exorcists)

→ Opponent-process Theory (the idea that akumas in the dgm’s system are processed by exorcists in complementary pairs: eg. AllenxLenalee)

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Ch10: Personality

- 5-Factor Theory
→ Openness – curiosity vs close-mindedness (Lavi vs Rouvelier)
→ Conscientiousness – perseverance/goal-orientated vs irresponsible (Kanda vs Komui)
→ Extraversion – sociability vs shyness (Lavi vs Miranda)
→ Agreeableness – likeability vs coldness (Allen vs Kanda)
→ Neuroticism – emotionality vs emotional control (Lenalee vs Kanda)

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